Site languages

• français

• Welcome to the Rabies Surveillance Blueprint

• Introduction
  • 1.1 What is the difference between infection and disease?
  • 1.2. Quid de la surveillance d'une maladie ?
  • 1.3 What is the difference between surveillance and monitoring?
  • 1.4 Why is surveillance needed?
  • 1.5. Why is surveillance important?
  • 1.6 What is disease incidence?
  • 1.7 What is needed to make surveillance reliable and effective?
  • 1.8 What forms of surveillance are appropriate?
  • 1.9 What is meant by adequate surveillance?
• Rabies Surveillance
  • 2.1. What do we need to know to establish adequate rabies surveillance?
    • 2.1.1 Why is rabies surveillance important?
    • 2.1.2 The epidemiology of rabies
    • 2.1.3 What is rabies surveillance?
    • 2.1.4 What is rabies incidence?
    • 2.1.5 What is passive rabies surveillance?
    • 2.1.6 What is active rabies surveillance?
    • 2.1.7 What is enhanced rabies surveillance?
    • 2.1.8 Which form of surveillance is best suited for rabies?
    • 2.1.9 Why can we not assess incidence using other data?
    • 2.1.10 What other sources of epidemiological information are available?
    • 2.1.11 Who is responsible for implementing rabies surveillance?
  • 2.2. Human rabies surveillance
    • 2.2.1 What are the components of human rabies surveillance?
    • 2.2.2 Why is laboratory confirmation needed to make rabies surveillance in humans reliable?
    • 2.2.3 What else do I need to keep in mind for human rabies surveillance?
    • 2.2.4 Why do human rabies surveillance and post-exposure prophylaxis go hand in hand?
  • 2.3. Animal rabies surveillance
    • 2.3.1. What does animal rabies surveillance comprise of?
    • 2.3.2 Are there any specific target species?
    • 2.3.3 Is there a need to include other species?
    • 2.3.4. Do we need a minimum sample size for effective animal rabies surveillance?
    • 2.3.5 What are indicator animals?
    • 2.3.6 Why is testing of healthy animals of no value?
    • 2.3.7 How should sampling be conducted?
• Minimum requirements for adequate rabies surveillance
  • 3.1 What are minimum requirements for adequate rabies surveillance?
  • 3.2 Why is legal enforcement necessary?
  • 3.3 Why is it necessary to conduct rabies surveillance in both humans and animals?
  • 3.4 What personnel are needed for rabies surveillance?
  • 3.5 What infrastructure is needed for rabies surveillance?
  • 3.6 What samples should be obtained and who is responsible?
  • 3.7 What precautions should be taken when taking samples?
  • 3.8 How should animal samples or heads be stored until testing?
  • 3.9 How should animal samples or heads be transported?
  • 3.10 Who is going to submit the animals / samples to the laboratory?
• Laboratory rabies diagnosis
  • 4.1 Centralized and decentralized diagnostic approaches
    • 4.1 Should there be a centralized or decentralized diagnostic approach?
  • 4.2 WHO Collaborating Centres for Rabies and OIE Reference Laboratories for Rabies
    • 4.2 Where are the WHO Collaborating Centres for Rabies and OIE Reference Laboratories for Rabies located?
  • 4.3. Laboratory tests for rabies diagnosis
    • 4.3 What laboratory tests should be applied for rabies diagnosis?
  • 4.4 Post mortem rabies diagnosis
    • 4.4.1 What are standard laboratory tests for post mortem rabies diagnosis?
    • 4.4.2 What about other post mortem rabies diagnostic tests?
    • 4.4.3 Is there need to apply confirmatory tests?
    • 4.4.4 Is there a diagnostic hierarchy to follow?
    • 4.4.5 What confirmatory test should be applied?
  • 4.5 Intra vitam rabies diagnosis in humans
    • 4.5 Intra vitam rabies diagnosis in humans
  • 4.6 Characterizing the virus
    • 4.6 Is it useful to characterize the virus?
  • 4.7 Baseline data and information required for effective rabies surveillance
    • 4.7 What minimum baseline data / information are required for effective rabies surveillance?
• Epidemiological analyses
  • 5.1 What do I do with the data / information collated?
  • 5.2 Why is a national rabies database necessary?
  • 5.3 Who is in charge of setting up and maintaining a database?
  • 5.4 How do I set up a database?
  • 5.5 Why conduct an epidemiological analysis?
  • 5.6 Why map rabies cases and negatives?
  • 5.7 What does an animal rabies case tell you in an epidemiological context?
  • 5.8 Are there challenges in rabies surveillance?
  • 5.9 What additional data can be collected to support rabies surveillance?
• Reporting, dissemination and communication
  • 6.1 Why is reporting of rabies data to national authorities & international bodies important?
  • 6.2 Are there any other benefits of reporting, disseminating and communicating rabies data?
  • 6.3 Why is transparency in rabies surveillance important?
  • 6.4 What should be reported?
  • 6.5 What equipment can be used for reporting, disseminating and communicating rabies data?
  • 6.6 How often should rabies surveillance data be reported?
  • 6.7 What international rabies databases exist?

• Documents
  • A Global Survey of Rabies Surveillance
  • A study comparing methods for Lab Diagnosis of Rabies
  • A study showing the limitations of centralized diganostics
  • An example of a web-based rabies surveillance database
  • Bat Rabies Surveillance in Europe
  • Canine rabies is the leading cause of human deaths
  • Definition of a Mesocarnivore
  • Direct Rapid Immunohistochemistry Test (DRIT) protocols
  • Discussions of alternative tests to the FAT and DRIT
  • Effective surveillance is critical for rabies elimination
  • Epidemiological analysis to design intervention programs
  • Epidemiological Monitoring
  • Evaluations of the DRIT for Rabies Diagnosis
  • Examples of Enhanced Bat Rabies Surveillance
  • Examples of Forms for Submitting Rabies Samples
  • Examples of rabies surveillance data maps
  • Examples of the Misdiagnosis of Rabies
  • Examples of transparency in reporting of rabies data
  • Examples of where viral typing has produced valuable information
  • Filter Paper Technique for Sampling Rabies Virus
  • Further Information on animal bites
  • General Guidelines for Surveillance
  • General information on the clinical symptoms of rabies
  • International Recommendations on Rabies Diagnosis
  • Intra-vitam diagnosis of rabies
  • Laboratory Techniques for Rabies Diagnosis
  • Lists of notifiable diseases (including rabies) in human and veterinary medicine:
  • Mouse Inoculation Test (MIT)
  • No evidence of healthy animals being carriers
  • OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
  • OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code
  • Online national, regional and international rabies databases
  • Poor quality of reported data
  • Rabies Challenges presentation
  • Rabies in Bats
  • Rabies Tissue Culture Infection Test (RTCIT)
  • RT-PCR for Rabies Diagnosis
  • Surveillance of indicator animals
  • The FAT protocol for Post Mortem Rabies Diagnosis
  • The importance of transparency
  • The need for regional surveillance in Africa
  • Use of mobile technology in rabies surveillance
  • WHO Collaborating Centres for Rabies and OIE Reference Laboratories for Rabies
  • WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies 2013

• The contributors