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Welcome to the Rabies Surveillance Blueprint
SURVEILLANCE BLUEPRINT
Introduction
1.1
What is the difference between infection and disease?
1.2.
Quid de la surveillance d'une maladie ?
1.3
What is the difference between surveillance and monitoring?
1.4
Why is surveillance needed?
1.5.
Why is surveillance important?
1.6
What is disease incidence?
1.7
What is needed to make surveillance reliable and effective?
1.8
What forms of surveillance are appropriate?
1.9
What is meant by adequate surveillance?
Rabies Surveillance
2.1.
What do we need to know to establish adequate rabies surveillance?
2.1.1
Why is rabies surveillance important?
2.1.2
The epidemiology of rabies
2.1.3
What is rabies surveillance?
2.1.4
What is rabies incidence?
2.1.5
What is passive rabies surveillance?
2.1.6
What is active rabies surveillance?
2.1.7
What is enhanced rabies surveillance?
2.1.8
Which form of surveillance is best suited for rabies?
2.1.9
Why can we not assess incidence using other data?
2.1.10
What other sources of epidemiological information are available?
2.1.11
Who is responsible for implementing rabies surveillance?
2.2.
Human rabies surveillance
2.2.1
What are the components of human rabies surveillance?
2.2.2
Why is laboratory confirmation needed to make rabies surveillance in humans reliable?
2.2.3
What else do I need to keep in mind for human rabies surveillance?
2.2.4
Why do human rabies surveillance and post-exposure prophylaxis go hand in hand?
2.3.
Animal rabies surveillance
2.3.1.
What does animal rabies surveillance comprise of?
2.3.2
Are there any specific target species?
2.3.3
Is there a need to include other species?
2.3.4.
Do we need a minimum sample size for effective animal rabies surveillance?
2.3.5
What are indicator animals?
2.3.6
Why is testing of healthy animals of no value?
2.3.7
How should sampling be conducted?
Minimum requirements for adequate rabies surveillance
3.1
What are minimum requirements for adequate rabies surveillance?
3.2
Why is legal enforcement necessary?
3.3
Why is it necessary to conduct rabies surveillance in both humans and animals?
3.4
What personnel are needed for rabies surveillance?
3.5
What infrastructure is needed for rabies surveillance?
3.6
What samples should be obtained and who is responsible?
3.7
What precautions should be taken when taking samples?
3.8
How should animal samples or heads be stored until testing?
3.9
How should animal samples or heads be transported?
3.10
Who is going to submit the animals / samples to the laboratory?
Laboratory rabies diagnosis
4.1
Centralized and decentralized diagnostic approaches
4.1
Should there be a centralized or decentralized diagnostic approach?
4.2
WHO Collaborating Centres for Rabies and OIE Reference Laboratories for Rabies
4.2
Where are the WHO Collaborating Centres for Rabies and OIE Reference Laboratories for Rabies located?
4.3.
Laboratory tests for rabies diagnosis
4.3
What laboratory tests should be applied for rabies diagnosis?
4.4
Post mortem rabies diagnosis
4.4.1
What are standard laboratory tests for post mortem rabies diagnosis?
4.4.2
What about other post mortem rabies diagnostic tests?
4.4.3
Is there need to apply confirmatory tests?
4.4.4
Is there a diagnostic hierarchy to follow?
4.4.5
What confirmatory test should be applied?
4.5
Intra vitam rabies diagnosis in humans
4.5
Intra vitam rabies diagnosis in humans
4.6
Characterizing the virus
4.6
Is it useful to characterize the virus?
4.7
Baseline data and information required for effective rabies surveillance
4.7
What minimum baseline data / information are required for effective rabies surveillance?
Epidemiological analyses
5.1
What do I do with the data / information collated?
5.2
Why is a national rabies database necessary?
5.3
Who is in charge of setting up and maintaining a database?
5.4
How do I set up a database?
5.5
Why conduct an epidemiological analysis?
5.6
Why map rabies cases and negatives?
5.7
What does an animal rabies case tell you in an epidemiological context?
5.8
Are there challenges in rabies surveillance?
5.9
What additional data can be collected to support rabies surveillance?
Reporting, dissemination and communication
6.1
Why is reporting of rabies data to national authorities & international bodies important?
6.2
Are there any other benefits of reporting, disseminating and communicating rabies data?
6.3
Why is transparency in rabies surveillance important?
6.4
What should be reported?
6.5
What equipment can be used for reporting, disseminating and communicating rabies data?
6.6
How often should rabies surveillance data be reported?
6.7
What international rabies databases exist?
LINKS
Documents
A Global Survey of Rabies Surveillance
A study comparing methods for Lab Diagnosis of Rabies
A study showing the limitations of centralized diganostics
An example of a web-based rabies surveillance database
Bat Rabies Surveillance in Europe
Canine rabies is the leading cause of human deaths
Definition of a Mesocarnivore
Direct Rapid Immunohistochemistry Test (DRIT) protocols
Discussions of alternative tests to the FAT and DRIT
Effective surveillance is critical for rabies elimination
Epidemiological analysis to design intervention programs
Epidemiological Monitoring
Evaluations of the DRIT for Rabies Diagnosis
Examples of Enhanced Bat Rabies Surveillance
Examples of Forms for Submitting Rabies Samples
Examples of rabies surveillance data maps
Examples of the Misdiagnosis of Rabies
Examples of transparency in reporting of rabies data
Examples of where viral typing has produced valuable information
Filter Paper Technique for Sampling Rabies Virus
Further Information on animal bites
General Guidelines for Surveillance
General information on the clinical symptoms of rabies
International Recommendations on Rabies Diagnosis
Intra-vitam diagnosis of rabies
Laboratory Techniques for Rabies Diagnosis
Lists of notifiable diseases (including rabies) in human and veterinary medicine:
Mouse Inoculation Test (MIT)
No evidence of healthy animals being carriers
OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code
Online national, regional and international rabies databases
Poor quality of reported data
Rabies Challenges presentation
Rabies in Bats
Rabies Tissue Culture Infection Test (RTCIT)
RT-PCR for Rabies Diagnosis
Surveillance of indicator animals
The FAT protocol for Post Mortem Rabies Diagnosis
The importance of transparency
The need for regional surveillance in Africa
Use of mobile technology in rabies surveillance
WHO Collaborating Centres for Rabies and OIE Reference Laboratories for Rabies
WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies 2013
CONTRIBUTORS
The contributors
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SURVEILLANCE BLUEPRINT
Introduction
Rabies Surveillance
Minimum requirements for adequate rabies surveillance
Laboratory rabies diagnosis
Epidemiological analyses
Reporting, dissemination and communication
LINKS
Documents
CONTRIBUTORS
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[en]Version 1 Last updated December 2014[fr]Première version, dernière mise à jour Juin 2015